سرفصل ها:
آشنائي با سيستم هاي دروني و عمكرد كامپيوتر
آشنائي با تبديل مبناها در كامپيوتر
آشنائي با داده هاي عددي و پردازش آنها
مكمل ها
معرفي مدل هاي كامپيوتر
آشنائي با كد اسكي
آشنائي با حافظه ي RAM
آشنائب با CPU
انواع سگمنت
آشنائي با ثبات ها
آشنائي با Stack
آشنائي با وقفه ها

جزوه تايپ شده و داراي كيفيت عالي مي باشد.

لينك دانلود:
   

در این پست می خواهم نحوه اتصال دو میکرو را به هم را با استفاده از رابط درگاه سریال (UART) را با یک مثال ساده نمایش دهم

نکته:  در این مثال توجه کنید تنظیمات هردو میکرو مثل هم م هست

 برنامه میکرو اول:

/*****************************************************

Chip type           : ATmega16

Program type        : Application

Clock frequency     : 16.000000 MHz

Memory model        : Small

External SRAM size  : 0

Data Stack size     : 256

*****************************************************/

#include

#include

#include

int a=0;

void main(void)

{

// USART initialization

// Communication Parameters: 8 Data, 1 Stop, No Parity

// USART Receiver: On

// USART Transmitter: On

// USART Mode: Asynchronous

// USART Baud Rate: 9600

UCSRA=0x00;

UCSRB=0x18;

UCSRC=0x86;

UBRRH=0x00;

UBRRL=0x4D;

while (1)

      {

       putchar(a);

       delay_ms(250);

       a++;

       if (a==99) a=0;

      };

}

برنامه میکرو دوم :

/*****************************************************

Chip type           : ATmega16

Program type        : Application

Clock frequency     : 16.000000 MHz

Memory model        : Small

External SRAM size  : 0

Data Stack size     : 256

*****************************************************/

#include

#include

#include

#asm

            .EQU __lcd_port=0x18 ;PORTB

#endasm    

#include

#include

char s1[8];

int a=0;

void main(void)

{

// USART initialization

// Communication Parameters: 8 Data, 1 Stop, No Parity

// USART Receiver: On

// USART Transmitter: On

// USART Mode: Asynchronous

// USART Baud Rate: 9600

UCSRA=0x00;

UCSRB=0x18;

UCSRC=0x86;

UBRRH=0x00;

UBRRL=0x4D;

lcd_init(16);

while (1)

      {

      lcd_gotoxy(8,0);

      a=getchar();

      lcd_clear();

      itoa(a,s1);

      lcd_puts(s1);

      delay_ms(250);

      };

}

در برنامه زیر کنترول سرو موتور را به وسیله یک پتانسیومتر کنترول می کنیم  

#include
#include
#include
#include

#asm
  .equ __lcd_port=0x18
#endasm
#include
#define adc_vref_type 0xC0
unsigned int read_adc(unsigned char);
    float drj;
    unsigned int data;
char code[20];
void main(void)
    {

    PORTA=0x00;
    DDRA=0x00;
    DDRD=0x20;
        
    ADMUX=adc_vref_type;
    ADCSRA=0x85;
    lcd_init(16);
    
    TCCR1A=0x80;
    TCCR1B=0x12;
    TCNT1=0;
    ICR1H=0x4E;
    ICR1L=0x20;
    OCR1A=1000;
    
    while (1)
        {
        data=read_adc(0);
        lcd_clear();
        sprintf(code,"ADC=%d",data);
        lcd_puts(code);
        lcd_gotoxy(0,1);
        if(data>=500)
            {
            drj=(data-500)/5.5556;

            }
        if(data<500)
            {
            drj=(500-data)/-5.5556;
            }    
        ftoa(drj,2,code);
        lcd_putsf("zavye=");
        lcd_puts(code);  
        OCR1A=data+1000;   
        delay_ms(500);
        };     
    }
unsigned int read_adc(unsigned char adc_input)
    {
    ADMUX|=adc_input;
    ADCSRA|=0x40;
    while((ADCSRA & 0x10)==0);
    ADCSRA|=0x10;
    return ADCW;
    }

شماتیک

در ادامه برنامه یک چراغ راهنما را می بینید که به صورت دو وضعیته بوده و دارای نمایشگر زمان بوده

#include
#include
#include
unsigned char bcd,i;
void main (void)
    {
    DDRB=0xFF; 
    DDRC=0xFF;
    DDRD=0xFF;
    while (1)
        {
        for(i=60;i!=0xff;i--)
            {
            if(i>=4)
                {
                PORTC=0x21;
                bcd=bin2bcd(i-4);
                PORTB=bcd;
                bcd=bin2bcd(i);
                PORTD=bcd;
                }
            else
                {
                PORTC=0x11;
                PORTB=0;
                bcd=bin2bcd(i);
                PORTD=bcd;
                }
            delay_ms(1000);
            }
        for(i=60;i!=0xff;i--)
            {
            if(i>=4)
                {
                PORTC=0x0C;
                bcd=bin2bcd(i-4);
                PORTD=bcd;
                bcd=bin2bcd(i);
                PORTB=bcd;
                }
            else
                {
                PORTC=0x0A;
                PORTD=0;
                bcd=bin2bcd(i);
                PORTB=bcd;
                }
            delay_ms(1000);
            }
        }
    }
   

شماتیک:

XML For Dummies by Lucinda Dykes

Product Details
* Paperback: 384 pages
* Publisher: For Dummies; 4 edition (May 20, 2005)
* Language: English
* ISBN: 0764588451

Product Description
See how XML works for business needs and RSS feeds
Create consistency on the Web, or tag your data for different purposes
Tag -- XML is it! XML tags let you share your format as well as your data, and this handy guide will show you how. You'll soon be using this markup language to create everything from Web sites to business forms, discovering schemas and DOCTYPES, wandering the Xpath, teaming up XML with Office 2003, and more.

Discover how to
* Make information portable
* Use XML with Word 2003
* Store different types of data
* Convert HTML documents to XHTML
* Add CSS to XML
* Understand and use DTDs

Download Description
# " Offering the most recent XML core and related specifications including XML 1.1 and Microsoft Office 2003, this book is an ideal introductory resource on the basics of XML, the flexible way to create common information formats and share both the format and the data
# With more than 70 percent revised text, the new coverage includes how to use the XML features in Office 2003, a discussion of the many practical business applications for XML, and how to actually implement XML in a business setting
# Takes into account that XML is not exclusively for Web designers any longer and targets newcomers to XML who need to learn how to solve business issues as well as those who need practical XML solutions
# The companion Web site contains programming code, trial software packages, XML tools and parsers, and sample XSLT transforms
"

Book Info
Discover how to understand XML fundamentals, build document type definitions, style pages using XSL, work with XML linking languages, harness the latest XML applications and tools, and more. Softcover. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

From the Publisher
An ideal beginner's guide to XML! --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

From the Back Cover
See how XML works for business needs and RSS feeds

Create consistency on the Web, or tag your data for different purposes
Tag — XML is it! XML tags let you share your format as well as your data, and this handy guide will show you how. You'll soon be using this markup language to create everything from Web sites to business forms, discovering schemas and DOCTYPES, wandering the Xpath, teaming up XML with Office 2003, and more.

Discover how to
* Make information portable
* Use XML with Word 2003
* Store different types of data
* Convert HTML documents to XHTML
* Add CSS to XML
* Understand and use DTDs

دانلود این کتاب:

دانلود کتاب

Scientists at the University of California, San Diego’s Center for Theoretical Biological Physics have been using theoretical mathematics, chemistry, and physics to model the genomic and proteomic interactions among colonies of Bacillus subtilis under conditions of environmental stress.

Under stress, a bacterium faces two options. It can undergo sporulation, a process that involves more than 500 genes, in which the bacterium places a copy of its genome in a durable capsule known as a spore. These spores, which are extremely durable even during harsh conditions, can then germinate into new bacteria. The mother cell that sacrifices its genome to form the spore then bursts open releasing its intracellular contents to the environment.

The other option for the bacterium is to enter the “competence intermediate state” in which it makes its membrane more permeable to its extracellular environment so that it can assimilate the cellular contents released by other bacteria that have sporulated. Though this option may allow for survival, the bacterium risks death.

UCSD physics professor José Onuchic explains how these two options present a Prisoner Dilemma-like predicament: “It pays for the individual cell to take the risk and escape into competence only if it notices that the majority of the cells decide to sporulate. […] But if this is the case, it should not take this chance because most of the other cells might reach the same conclusion and escape from sporulation.”

The conclusion of the “game” is that only ten percent of the bacteria enter the “competence intermediate state.” The scientists have found that the decision a bacterium makes is dependent upon the chemical signals being released by its neighboring bacteria. Moreover, though the researchers keep refining their studies, they conclude that stochastic processes still pervade the decisions the bacteria make. Onuchic explains: “Another interesting fact is that the same cells in the same environment, in this case, bacteria in the colony, can actually in a statistical matter choose two different outcomes: sporulation or competence.”

The researchers hope their studies will have applications in sociology, economics, and even cancer biology.

http://murj.mit.edu/article.php?type=5&id=16

زعفران یکی از گران ترین اقلام غذایی جهان است. برای تهیه نیم کیلو زعفران باید از 50 تا 70 هزار گل زعفران استفاده کرد، یعنی حدوداً یک زمین فوتبال گل! قیمت خرده فروشی زعفران در جهان بسته به نوع از 1100 تا 11000 دلار به ازاء هر کیلوگرم متغیر است. زعفران در ایران هم قیمت بالایی دارد. قیمت هر کیلو زعفران از دو میلیون تومان تجاوز می کند.